Large-scale ownership made considerable progress while foreign land companies accumulated millions of hectares. Annual economic growth between 18 averaged 3.3%. This growth was accompanied by foreign investment and European immigration, the development of railroad networks and the exploitation of the country's natural resources. The Porfiriato brought unprecedented economic growth during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Main article: Economic history of Mexico Porfirio Díaz, (1876–1911) in whose presidency rapid industrialization took place in foreign capital. The OECD and WTO both rank Mexican workers as the hardest-working in the world in terms of the number of hours worked yearly. Mexico's labor force consisted of 52.8 million people as of 2015. In 2016, Mexico had 16 companies in the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world's largest companies. Reform to the oil industry is currently being debated. Recently, Congress approved important tax, pension, and judicial reforms. In 2006, trade with Mexico's two northern partners accounted for almost 90% of its exports and 55% of its imports. The most influential FTA is the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), which came into effect in 2020, and was signed in 2018 by the governments of the United States, Canada and Mexico. As an export-oriented economy, more than 90% of Mexican trade is under free trade agreements (FTAs) with more than 40 countries, including the European Union, Japan, Israel, and much of Central and South America. Recent administrations have expanded competition in ports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution and airports, with the aim of upgrading infrastructure. The economy contains rapidly developing modern industrial and service sectors, with increasing private ownership. Tax revenues, altogether 19.6 percent of GDP in 2013, were the lowest among the then 34 OECD countries. Some of the unresolved issues include the upgrade of infrastructure, the modernization of the tax system and labor laws, and the reduction of income inequality. In spite of this, significant gaps persist between the urban and the rural population, the northern and southern states, and the rich and the poor. The Mexican economy has had unprecedented macroeconomic stability, which has reduced inflation and interest rates to record lows. However, Mexico was one of the Latin American nations most affected by the 2008 recession with its gross domestic product contracting by more than 6% in that year. Mexico was not significantly influenced by the 2002 South American crisis, and maintained positive, although low, rates of growth after a brief period of stagnation in 2001. Since the 1994 crisis, administrations have improved the country's macroeconomic fundamentals. It is the 14th largest in the world in nominal GDP terms and the 13th largest by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund. The economy of Mexico is a developing mixed-market economy. All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
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